Most Common Gum Diseases

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease and is the most common form. It is characterized by inflammation of the gums, usually caused by the buildup of plaque on teeth.

Causes:

• The primary cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene, which allows plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to accumulate on the teeth. Other contributing factors include smoking, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy), certain medications, and underlying health conditions like diabetes.

Symptoms:

• Red, swollen, or tender gums
• Bleeding gums, especially during brushing or flossing
• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Receding gums

Prevention:

• Regular brushing and flossing
• Professional dental cleanings every six months
• Avoiding tobacco use
• Maintaining a healthy diet low in sugary foods and drinks

If treated early, gingivitis can be reversed with proper oral hygiene practices.

If gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that affects not only the gums but also the bones that support the teeth. Periodontitis can cause permanent damage and even lead to tooth loss.

Causes:

• The plaque buildup from gingivitis hardens into tartar, which cannot be removed by regular brushing. This leads to deeper infections that damage the gums and bone. Smoking, genetics, and poor oral hygiene are significant risk factors.

Symptoms:

• Gums pulling away from the teeth, forming "pockets"
• Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
• Loose or shifting teeth
• Pain when chewing
• Gum recession

Prevention:

• Routine dental visits for professional cleanings
• Brushing and flossing at least twice a day
• Quitting smoking
• Early treatment of gingivitis to prevent progression

In advanced cases, periodontitis may require more intensive treatments such as scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), antibiotics, or even surgery.

Aggressive periodontitis is a less common but more severe form of gum disease that typically affects younger individuals. Unlike chronic periodontitis, which progresses slowly, aggressive periodontitis advances rapidly and can lead to significant bone loss and tooth mobility at an early age.

Causes:

• Genetic factors often play a role in aggressive periodontitis. It can also be triggered by immune system issues or bacteria that affect the gums and bone at a faster rate.

Symptoms:

• Rapid loss of gum attachment and bone
• Inflammation and deep gum pockets
• Tooth sensitivity or pain
• Gum recession

Prevention:

• Early detection and regular dental visits
• Maintaining excellent oral hygiene habits
• Addressing any genetic predispositions through regular monitoring by a dental professional

Treatment for aggressive periodontitis often involves a combination of surgical procedures, antibiotics, and ongoing care to prevent further progression.

Necrotizing periodontal disease is a rare but extremely severe form of gum disease. It primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or chronic stress.

Causes:

• Bacterial infections, often exacerbated by poor oral hygiene, can lead to the rapid destruction of gum tissue, ligaments, and bone. Immune system deficiencies, stress, and malnutrition are common contributing factors.

Symptoms:

• Painful, bleeding gums
• Ulcers or sores on the gums
• Foul-smelling breath
• Rapid destruction of gum and bone tissue

Prevention:

• Strengthening the immune system with proper nutrition and medical care
• Practicing good oral hygiene
• Regular dental check-ups, especially for those with weakened immune systems

Necrotizing periodontal disease requires immediate medical attention and is usually treated with antibiotics, scaling, and root planing, as well as careful oral care.

Several factors can increase your risk of developing gum disease, including:

• Poor oral hygiene: Inconsistent brushing and flossing can lead to plaque buildup and eventual gum disease.
• Smoking and tobacco use: Tobacco is a major contributor to gum disease and can inhibit healing.
• Genetics: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to gum disease, making regular check-ups even more critical.
• Age: Gum disease becomes more common with age.
• Chronic illnesses: Conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory disease can increase the risk of gum infections.